Profile: The Commonwealth

Formerly known as the British Commonwealth of Nations, the Commonwealth is a loose association of former British colonies, dependencies and other territories - and Mozambique, which has no historical ties to Britain.
The modern Commonwealth has its roots in the Imperial Conferences of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when some of the colonies within the British Empire began to acquire greater autonomy.
As some achieved self-government and varying degrees of independence from the motherland, a new constitutional definition of their relationship with each other had to be found.

OVERVIEW
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It was only after India's and Pakistan's independence in 1947 that the Commonwealth defined its modern shape. It dropped the word British from its name, the allegiance to the crown from its statute, and became an association for decolonised nations. The British monarch, however, remained the official "head of the Commonwealth".
The Commonwealth has no constitution or charter, but the heads of government of its member states hold Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) every two years to discuss issues of common interest.
In between the summits, the London-based Secretariat - the Commonwealth's executive arm - takes responsibility for carrying out programmes agreed upon during the various meetings. The Secretariat is headed by a secretary-general.

FACTS
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Founded: 1931
Members: 53 states
Headquarters (secretariat): Marlborough House, London
Population: 1.8 billion (30% of world population)
Key bodies: Commonwealth Foundation, Commonwealth of Learning

LEADERS
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Leader: Queen Elizabeth II
As head of the Commonwealth, the Queen is recognised by its members as the "symbol of their free association". She attends the Commonwealth summits and the Commonwealth Games, which are held every four years. Also, on every Commonwealth Day, which is the second Monday in March, she broadcasts a message to all member countries.
Secretary-general: Kamalesh Sharma
The secretary-general acts as the chief executive of the Commonwealth. He is elected by heads of government from among Commonwealth diplomats and foreign ministers for a maximum of two four-year terms.

Mr Sharma has devoted much of his career to development workThe present secretary-general, Kamalesh Sharma, was elected in November 2007 and assumed office on 1 April 2008. An Indian diplomat, he had previously served as India's High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Prior to his posting to the UK, Mr Sharma was UN Special Representative to East Timor, where he helped to build up the institutions of the newly independent country.

ISSUES
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The Commonwealth has been criticised for being a post-colonial club. But to its members it is a voluntary association of independent states which is in the business of promoting democracy, good government, human rights and economic development.
It has also been criticised for having little influence and no teeth. The Commonwealth in fact does not act as a bloc in international affairs and so has little influence over non-members.
However, its influence over its own members derives from the benefits which membership brings in the form of developmental support and collaboration towards the achievement of international goals.
Also, the fact that members share a common heritage in many fields, including a common language, enables them to work together in an atmosphere of cooperation and understanding, strengthening even further the prestige of the Commonwealth.

Commonwealth Games 2002, held in Manchester, UK Unlike the United Nations, Commonwealth members have no contractual obligations, but members commit themselves to the statements of beliefs set out by heads of government.
In 1995 the Commonwealth set up a Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group (CMAG), comprising eight ministers, whose function is to deal with governments which persistently violate Commonwealth principles. It can take such punitive collective measures as imposing economic sanctions or suspending recalcitrant members.
However, the Commonwealth draws its main strength from its moral authority. Committed to racial equality and national sovereignty, it was the focus of the campaign against apartheid in the 1980s. In 1995 it suspended Nigeria's membership after the military regime there passed the death sentence on the writer Ken Saro-Wiwa and other activists, and in 2000 it suspended Fiji after the overthrow of the elected government.
Zimbabwe was suspended in March 2002, after elections which observers said were marred by violence and intimidation. In December 2003 the suspension was extended indefinitely. The Zimbabwean government responded by announcing the country was leaving the Commonwealth for good.
Membership of the Commonwealth brings some practical benefits through the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation (CFTC). This is the main way in which the Commonwealth promotes economic and social development and the alleviation of poverty.
COMMONWEALTH MEMBERS
Antigua & Barbuda
Jamaica
Sierra Leone
Australia
Kenya
Singapore
The Bahamas
Kiribati
Solomons
Bangladesh
Lesotho
South Africa
Barbados
Malawi
Sri Lanka
Belize
Malaysia
St Kitts
Botswana
Maldives
St Lucia
Brunei
Malta
St Vincent
Cameroon
Mauritius
Swaziland
Canada
Mozambique
Tanzania
Cyprus
Namibia
Tonga
Dominica
Nauru
Trinidad
Fiji (suspended)
New Zealand
Tuvalu
The Gambia
Nigeria
Uganda
Ghana
Pakistan
United Kingdom
Grenada
Papua NG
Vanuatu
Guyana
Seychelles
Zambia
India
Samoa
Zimbabwe (out)