The Republic of Kalmykia is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation situated south of the Volga on the north-western shores of the Caspian Sea. It shares its south-eastern border with Dagestan.
Kalmyks account for about 45% of the population. The rest are mostly ethnic Russians.
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The Kalmyk people are descended from nomadic Mongol herdsmen who travelled westwards in the 16th and 17th centuries in search of pasture land, eventually settling around the Volga river. After an oath of allegiance to the tsar they were granted a khanate in exchange for services in guarding Russia's eastern frontierland.
Their fortunes were less favourable in the 18th century and many set off eastwards again. The word Kalmyk is derived from the Turkish for remnant and refers to those who remained.
The Kalmyks live in the only Buddhist nation in Europe and revere the Dalai Lama, who visited the republic in 2004.
In 1943 Stalin accused the Kalmyks of collaboration with the Nazis and deported them en masse to Siberia where around half of them died. They were only allowed to return home in 1957 after Khrushchev came to power in the Kremlin.
Now one of Europe's poorest and most underdeveloped regions with a crumbling infrastructure, Kalmykia was once a land of fertile if fragile steppe whose black soil was cherished by the herdsmen.
Soviet times changed all that. The land was ploughed and intensive grazing became the norm. Much of the steppe has now turned to desert.
Livestock raising remains the main economic activity and there is also some fishing and arable farming.
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Territory: Kalmykia Status: Semi-autonomous region of Russia
Population: 329,000 (1990)
Area: 76,150 sq km (29,400 sq miles)
Capital: Elista
Status: Republic within Russian Federation
Main ethnic groups: Kalmyks, Russians
Languages: Kalmyk, Russian
Religions: Buddhism, Christianity
Resources: Agriculture, wool, caviar
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Head of the republic: Kirsan Ilyumzhinov
A Buddhist millionaire businessman, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov acquired his wealth in the economic free-for-all which followed the collapse of the USSR.
Kirsan Ilyumzhinov has led Kalmykia since 1993
At the age of just over 30, he was elected president in 1993 after promising voters $100 each and a mobile phone for every shepherd. He also pledged to introduce what he called an "economic dictatorship" in the republic.
Soon after his election, Mr Ilyumzhinov introduced presidential rule, concentrating power in his own hands.
He called early elections in 1995 and was re-elected unopposed - this time for a seven-year term. He won re-election in 2002.
He denies persistent accusations of diverting the republic's resources for his own use as well as of human rights abuses and of suppressing media freedom. When Larisa Yudina, editor of the republic's only opposition newspaper and one of his harshest critics was murdered in 1998, he strenuously rejected allegations of involvement.
In the late 1990s, he raised the possibility that a row over tax payments could lead Kalmykia to consider secession from Russia. When Moscow reacted angrily he quickly backed down.
Mr Ilyumzhinov has been president of the International Chess Federation (FIDE) since 1995 and has been enthusiastic about attracting international tournaments to Kalmykia. His flamboyant plans to build an extravagant Chess City in the republic have led to protests by its impoverished citizens.
In 2004 police dispersed demonstrators who had accused him of human rights violations and demanded his resignation.
In line with new legislation on the appointment of regional leaders, Mr Ilyumzhinov tendered his resignation to the Kremlin in October 2005. Russian President Vladimir Putin renominated him and the Kalmyk parliament endorsed the nomination.
Media
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Kalmykia's local state radio and TV broadcasters are affiliated to the All-Russia State TV and Radio Company, VGTRK. Russia's main state-owned and private radio and TV networks, including NTV, Channel One and Centre TV, are relayed in the territory. The private press and broadcasters have to contend with a limited advertising market.
The Kalmyk press is virtually unanimous in its support for President Ilyumzhinov. An opposition paper, Sovetskaya Kalmykia, is printed in neighbouring Volgograd Region. The paper's founding editor, Larisa Yudina, was murdered in 1998.
Media rights group Reporters Without Borders has said the Kalmyk authorities "are among the most repressive towards the media in the entire Russian Federation".
The press
Izvestiya Kalmykii - private daily
Sovetskaya Kalmykia - opposition
Khalm Unn - state-run, Kalmyk-language
Elistinskaya Panorama - twice-weekly, official organ of Elista city administration
Delovaya Kalmykia - business weekly
Television
GTRK Kalmykia TV - state-run, operates two networks, programmes in Russian and Kalmyk
Radio
GTRK Radio Kalmykia - state-run, programmes in Russian and Kalmyk
Radio URA - private FM station in Elista, programmes in Russian
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